Key Points
-
शोध से पता चलता है कि मुद्रा योजना ने भारत में बड़े पैमाने पर उद्यमिता को बढ़ावा दिया है, विशेष रूप से छोटे और माइक्रो उद्यमों के लिए।
-
यह योजना 2014 से हर साल 2.52 करोड़ स्थिर और टिकाऊ नौकरियां पैदा करने में योगदान देती प्रतीत होती है।
-
महिलाओं और अल्पसंख्यक समुदायों को विशेष लाभ मिला है, जिससे आर्थिक सशक्तिकरण बढ़ा है।
-
सबूत इस ओर इशारा करते हैं कि यह योजना नौकरी तलाशने वालों को नौकरी देने वालों में बदलने में मदद कर रही है।
Introduction to Mudra Yojana: –
प्रधानमंत्री मुद्रा योजना (PMMY) भारत सरकार की एक प्रमुख योजना है, जिसे 8 अप्रैल 2015 को लॉन्च किया गया था। इसका उद्देश्य गैर-कॉरपोरेट, गैर-कृषि छोटे और माइक्रो उद्यमों को सस्ती क्रेडिट सुविधा प्रदान करना है। यह योजना विशेष रूप से उन लोगों के लिए है जो पारंपरिक बैंकिंग प्रणाली से वंचित हैं और अपने व्यवसाय को शुरू या विस्तार देना चाहते हैं।
Impact on Entrepreneurship:
मुद्रा योजना ने भारत में उद्यमिता को बढ़ावा देने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। SKOCH की 2024 की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, यह योजना 2014 से हर साल 2.52 करोड़ स्थिर और टिकाऊ नौकरियां पैदा करने में योगदान देती है। यह आंकड़ा दर्शाता है कि कैसे यह योजना लोगों को नौकरी तलाशने के बजाय अपने व्यवसाय शुरू करने और दूसरों को रोजगार देने के लिए प्रेरित कर रही है।
Benefits for Specific Communities: –
महिलाओं और अल्पसंख्यक समुदायों को इस योजना से विशेष लाभ मिला है। रिपोर्ट्स से पता चलता है कि लगभग 70% मुद्रा लोन महिलाओं को दिए गए हैं, जिससे उनकी आर्थिक और सामाजिक सशक्तिकरण में मदद मिली है। इसके अलावा, अल्पसंख्यक समुदायों को भी आर्थिक अवसर और आत्मनिर्भरता के लिए समर्थन मिला है।
Detailed Analysis and Insights: –
This section provides a comprehensive analysis of the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) and its role in fostering mass entrepreneurship in India, particularly in transforming job seekers into job creators. The information is based on various official reports, news articles, and government data, ensuring a thorough understanding of the scheme’s impact.
Background and Purpose of Mudra Yojana: –
Launched on April 8, 2015, by the Honorable Prime Minister, PMMY aims to provide loans up to ₹20 lakh (recently increased from ₹10 lakh, effective October 24, 2024, as announced in the 2024-25 Union Budget on July 23, 2024) to non-corporate, non-farm small and micro-enterprises. The scheme is designed to promote financial inclusion, especially for socio-economically disadvantaged groups, enhancing their self-respect and independence. It is implemented through the Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA), a subsidiary of the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI).
The primary objective is to “fund the unfunded,” ensuring that micro and small enterprises, which often lack access to traditional banking, can secure credit for manufacturing, trading, or service activities. This initiative aligns with broader government programs like Make in India, Start-up India, and Stand-up India, creating a conducive environment for enterprise creation.
Loan Categories and Distribution: –
PMMY categorizes loans into four types based on the stage of growth and funding needs:
-
Shishu: Loans up to ₹50,000, targeting nascent entrepreneurs.
-
Kishore: Loans from ₹50,001 to ₹5 lakh, for growing businesses.
-
Tarun: Loans from ₹5,00,001 to ₹10 lakh, for established micro-enterprises.
-
Tarun Plus: Loans from ₹10,00,001 to ₹20 lakh, available only to those who have successfully repaid Tarun category loans, introduced to support further expansion.
For FY 2023-24, the distribution of loans is as follows:
|
Category
|
New Accounts
|
Amount Sanctioned (₹ Crore)
|
Amount Disbursed (₹ Crore)
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Shishu
|
88,49,101
|
29,445.41
|
28,839.75
|
|
Kishor
|
34,06,239
|
62,290.58
|
60,407.02
|
|
Tarun
|
7,57,456
|
70,294.35
|
68,861.13
|
From April 8, 2015, to March 31, 2024, the cumulative amounts sanctioned are:
|
Category
|
Amount Sanctioned (₹ Crore)
|
|---|---|
|
Shishu
|
44,891.82
|
|
Kishor
|
24,575.57
|
|
Tarun
|
19,120.58
|
These figures indicate the scale at which PMMY has reached out to small businesses, facilitating their growth and sustainability.
Impact on Job Creation: –
One of the most significant impacts of PMMY is its contribution to job creation. According to the 2024 SKOCH report “Outcomes of ModiNomics 2014-24,” Mudra alone has contributed 2.52 crore steady and sustainable jobs annually since 2014. This is a remarkable achievement, highlighting how the scheme has shifted the focus from job seeking to job creation. For instance, in Jammu & Kashmir, 20,72,922 loans have been sanctioned, marking a visible shift toward self-reliance in the region. The ripple effects include expanding India’s tax base, promoting formalization, and igniting the fintech revolution through UPI and Direct Benefit Transfers.
Between 2015–18, over 1 crore jobs were generated through Mudra-supported businesses, demonstrating the scheme’s immediate impact on employment. This transformation is crucial for a country like India, where unemployment and underemployment have been persistent challenges, especially among the youth and marginalized communities.
Benefits for Women and Minority Communities: –
PMMY has been particularly effective in empowering women and minority communities, addressing historical barriers to financial access. For FY 2023-24, the demographic impact includes:
-
Women Borrowers: Loans disbursed include Shishu ₹1,08,472.51 crore, Kishor ₹1,00,370.49 crore, and Tarun ₹13,454.27 crore. Nearly 70% of all Mudra loans have gone to women entrepreneurs, with per woman PMMY disbursement rising by a CAGR of 13% (to ₹62,679) and per woman incremental deposits rising by 14% (to ₹95,269) from FY16 to FY25. This has led to financial, social, psychological, and political empowerment, as evidenced by studies in tribal districts of West Bengal, where 417 female beneficiaries reported increased earnings and employability.
-
Minority Borrowers: Loans disbursed include Shishu ₹15,759.66 crore, Kishor ₹20,766.3 crore, and Tarun ₹8,562.27 crore. The scheme has contributed to inclusion of several communities traditionally underrepresented as entrepreneurs, breaking down barriers and fostering a healthier labor market.
Innovations and Implementation: –
To enhance accessibility, PMMY has introduced several innovations:
-
Mudra Card: A RuPay debit card offering overdraft and flexible repayment, reducing interest costs.
-
Mudra Mitra App: Available on Google Play Store and Apple App Store, guiding loan seekers.
-
Online Applications: Through portals like PSBloansin59minutes and Udyamimitra, simplifying the process.
-
Interest Subvention: A 2% interest subvention for prompt repayment of Shishu loans within 12 months, announced under Atmanirbhar Bharat Package on May 14, 2020.
These measures, along with simplified application forms, intensive awareness campaigns, and nodal officers in public sector banks, have ensured wider reach and effectiveness.
Success Stories and Case Studies: –
While specific success stories in Hindi were not extensively found, reports indicate that small business owners, such as shopkeepers, fruit vendors, truck operators, and artisans, have utilized Mudra loans to start or expand their businesses. For example, academic studies based on 417 female beneficiaries in West Bengal’s tribal districts show how micro-credit through PMMY has encouraged female entrepreneurship, raised earnings, and empowered them financially and socially. This anecdotal evidence, though not detailed here, underscore the scheme’s grassroots impact.
Conclusion and Broader Implications: –
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana has been a game-changer in India’s entrepreneurial landscape, transforming job seekers into job creators. With over 52 crore beneficiaries and ₹32.61 lakh crore disbursed in loans, it has redefined the credit space, shifting focus from politically influenced corporate lending to empowering grassroots entrepreneurs.
The scheme’s impact is especially visible in job creation, financial inclusion, women empowerment, and creditworthiness building, making it a cornerstone of India’s economic transformation. As of April 7, 2025, its continued expansion, with the recent loan limit increase to ₹20 lakh, promises to support small businesses for a more equitable future.
This detailed analysis is based on official data from the Mudra website, government press releases, and news articles, ensuring accuracy and reliability.
Key Citations